How to write a term paper: October 2019

Thursday, October 31, 2019

California Advocacy Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

California Advocacy - Research Paper Example This essentially will make the very sickest of San Diegans go to the black market to obtain the drug, because many of these San Diegans rely upon public transportation. Locating these cooperatives in industrial zones will take the cooperatives out of reach of public transportation modes, such as trolleys and buses. Although the other side does have valid points, in that many of the cooperatives have abused their privileges, as these cooperatives are selling to individuals who do not have medical marijuana cards, this is not true of all cooperatives. Therefore, the only fair regulation of the cooperatives would be to examine all cooperatives thoroughly, and separate the wheat from the chaff. The cooperatives which are serious, in that they only sell to individuals with valid medical cards, should be allowed to stay open and stay within the city limits. The others will simply have to close. This is the only way to please the people who are concerned about the abuses associated with the se cooperatives, while ensuring that the very sickest continue to get the treatment that they need and deserve. Examination of the Issue The City Council of San Diego voted, 5-2, on March 26, 2011, to put restrictions on the medical marijuana dispensaries located within the city.1 These restrictions would close down the dispensaries for one year, then, after the year is up, the dispensaries may only operate in industrial zones .2 The final ordinance is a slight improvement over what was proposed. In the original proposed ordinance, dispensaries would have to apply for permits while going through the strictest permit approval process in the city, which would be a Process 4. Process 4 also covers new airports and mines.3 The proposed ordinance also would have required that the dispensaries, after the one year ban, would only be able to open up in areas that are more than 1,000 feet of churches, schools, child care facilities, libraries, parks, youth facilities and other dispensaries. 4 While this was the proposed ordinance, the city council, after hearing testimony from concerned citizens, voted to reduce the 1,000 feet requirement to 600 feet, and to reduce the Process 4 permit process to a Process 3, which is less onerous.5 City councilman Todd Gloria indicated that the 1,000 foot requirement was reduced to 600 feet, as the 1,000 foot requirement would have forced the dispensaries out of the communities that most support them, namely Ocean Beach and Hillcrest.6 However, the city council did nothing about the part of the ordinance that requires that the dispensaries only locate within industrial zones and did nothing about the requirement that every dispensary must close down for one year before re-opening.7 The cost of a permit would be high, from $25,000 to $35,000.8 The proposed ordinance will come up for a second and final vote on April 12, 2011.9 The dispensaries opened up when California passed Proposition 215, by a margin of 55.6% to 44.4% in 1996. It wa s the first state ever to pass such as law.10 When Proposition 215 passed, language regarding medical marijuana was added to the California Health and Safety Code that stated, in effect, that purposes of the Compassionate Use Act 1996 is to protect individuals from prosecution if they possess marijuana that is legally prescribed by a doctor,

Monday, October 28, 2019

Perceptions of Children who Present Challenging Behavior Essay Example for Free

Perceptions of Children who Present Challenging Behavior Essay Challenging Behavior among children stems out from various intricate and interrelated factors. Often times, the family and the educators are not able to properly address the needs of these children due to the lack of information, education and support. Strain and Joseph (2004) revealed that 73% of educators perceived that challenging behaviors among children has been significantly increasing. But surprisingly, educators are facing problems and some are even not that willing to help and assist children with challenging behavior. Strain and Joseph (2004) 70% revealed that teachers who handle students with challenging behavior claimed that children with such make them feel stressed, while 60% said that it has a negative effect on their job satisfaction. The case of June (Laursen, 2005) reveals how educators perceive children with challenging behavior, and how a child who encounters behavior difficulties relates with her peers and her educators. Most of her teachers are not that positive in terms of doing an extra work in terms of helping her overcome her difficulties in school because of her attitude. As such, an education plan was set in order to help her. June was made to sign a behavioral contract that furthers the agreement that she should stay awake in school, not yell at adults, not assault anyone and attend the group meeting all day (Laursen, 2005, para 2). According to Reichle and Wacker (1997), the most effective venue for the assessment of challenging behavior could be conducted in natural environments such as home, school and local community (para 2). also emphasized that Communications Based Interventions are the best approach in terms of dealing with challenging behavior (para 4). The Positive Behavior Support (PBS) is tailored to meet the specific needs of the child and also takes into careful consideration all of the contexts in which problems with regard to challenging behaviors emerge. The model devised by Dunlap and Fox (1999) as cited from Fox, Dunlap and Powell (2002) creates an Individualized Support Program (ISP) that seeks to help the family and the childs care givers in order to change his or her difficult behavior.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Media Influences On Publics Fear Of Crime Media Essay

Media Influences On Publics Fear Of Crime Media Essay Fear of Crime, Violent Behavior And Policy Changes. Mass media is obsessed with crime. Today in our society, as well as other western societies, crime seems to be a topic of fascination. The criminal justice system appears throughout the mass media. From television shows and films to books, newspapers and magazines, crime turns up for everyone to see. By the 1970s the crime or police drama had replaced the western for the most prevalent prime-time television fare (Doyle, 2006). The boundary between crime entertainment and crime information has been blurred progressively more in the past years (Dowler, Fleming, Muzzatti, 2006). Roughly half of the newspapers and television items people come into contact with are concerned with crime, justice or deviance (Doyle, 2006). With the bombardment of criminal images surrounding people every day, the mass media often influences how people look at crime. The picture presented in the media of crime differs from the picture by official and other statistics (Doyle, 2006). How the public fears crime, the violent behavior associated with it and even some policy changes are all thought to be influenced by the media. While there is some debate as to how much influence the media actually has on these things, there is some evidence to suggest there is some connection. The study of media influences on crime has increased substantially throughout the years. In more than 30 years the interest and diversity of the field has expanded substantially, along with our knowledge about the interplay between the media and crime. Throughout the late 1970s and 1980s Gerbner et al (1980) works expanded the knowledge about the relationship between the consumption of various media sources, mainly television, and the fear of crime. Heath and Gilberts (1996) works on how audience traits affects and Liska and Baccaglini (1990) works on direct experience expand the understanding of how different characteristics could affect the medias influence on the fear of crime. When people interact with the mass media, they are often showered with criminal images. It is suggested by many that this bombardment of criminal images people experience can lead to a higher fear of crime. Since many of these images are violent or include violence in some way, they can cause the public to overestimate how much crime there is. Throughout the years, more and more crime has been mentioned in the media. There is a highly skewed presentation of crime highlight stories of select forms of crime (Dowler, Fleming, Muzzatti, 2006). It seems the old adage if it bleeds, it leads is true when it comes to news stories. The most serious and violent crimes are given the best entertaining angles and are presented as hard news, even if the facts are distorted and misrepresented (Dowler, Fleming, Muzzatti, 2006). Often times crime in the media is stylized as infotainment, that is it is presented in a way that is edited, stylized and formatted in a way that is camouflaged as realisti c and informative (Surrette, 2006). People associate the information they see on the television to real life. If the television shows elevated crime rates, real life must also. The line between media crime and real life crime has become blurred. For example, studies in Canada have found that despite significantly lower crime rates, Canadians are more afraid of crime than their American counterparts (Dowler, Fleming, Muzzatti, 2006). It is not quite known why this is the case since both counties enjoy much of the same viewing habits. It seems that maybe the line between reality and media portrayals of crime have blurred even more for Canadians than for Americans. This could lead to potentially remarkable analyses of how people filter news, reality shows and drama to construct their ideas about crime (Dowler, Fleming, Muzzatti, 2006). In addition, television series and movies have seemed to make the move towards criminal themes. These criminal justice themes run throughout many American television shows, each showing a skewed view of justice in which the public absorbs. There is some debate among researchers as to whether or not the mass media actually influences the publics fear of crime. In an earlier study, Gerbner et al (1980) found that individuals who watch mass amounts of television show a higher rate of fear towards their environment than those who watch a less television. A later study conducted in the 2000s seemed to partially reinforce Gerbners early results. Even when controlling for age, gender, race, income, education and marital status, people who watched crime shows regularly showed a significantly higher rate of being fearful of crime (Dowler K. , 2003). On the other hand, the hours of television as the primary source of crime news was not significantly related to the fear of crime (Dowler K. , 2003). The crime portrayed on the television is more violent, haphazard and hazardous than the crime in reality. Those who are exposed to it more internalize these images and develop a mean world view (Dowler K. , 2003). Crime show viewers we re more likely to worry about being sexually assaulted, shot or stabbed and getting killed. On the other hand, Rice and Anderson found a weak association between television viewing and the fear of crime (Dowler K. , 2003). While Dowler himself found that there was a statistically significant relationship between the watching of crime shows regularly and the fear of crime, he also found that it was not a strong relationship (Dowler K. , 2003). Who is viewing the stories and where the person is located influences how much influence the media has on the fear of crime. Heath and Gilbert (1996) suggest that the relationship between the mass media and the fear of crime is contingent on the audience and the message. Large amounts of local crime news increased fear among those who lived in the area while large amounts of non-local crime had the opposite effect (Dowler K. , 2003). Chiricos et al (2000) also found that local and national news affected the fear of crime. They found that the effect of local news was greater for residents of high crime neighborhoods. Also, those who live in high crime areas and watch large amounts of television were more likely to be fearful of crime (Dowler K. , 2003). Other factors, like experience and demographics, influence whether or not media consumption affects the fear of crime. For instance, when a person has a direct experience with a particular crime in a story, he or she is less likely to be influenced by that story. It is when direct experience is lacking that the media influences the fear of crime the most (Liska Baccaglini, 1990). Gerbner et al (1980) found that the relationship between the fear of crime and the amount of television watched was greatest for females and whites. Another researcher also found that the females, whites and the elderly were more likely to be fearful of crime even though they had a lower risk of being victimized (Dowler K. , 2003). As mass media grew in size and number, the fear that the violent images seen on television caused violent behavior seemed to increase as well. From research on video games to violent television shows, trying to understand whether or not violence in the media causes violent behavior has been a topic of vast discussion. For centuries people have been concerned with the corrupting nature of media, dating back to at least ancient Greek and Roman times. Plato cautioned that plays and poetry may have detrimental effects on youth and should be burned (Ferguson, 2010). Throughout history, people have been arguing that violent media could lead to violent or unwanted behavior from those who are exposed to it. In the 1930s social research on the matter began and the Payne Fund studies were released which suggested a link between movie watching and aggressive behavior (Ferguson, 2010). Setting the stage for the debate that was to come, critics noticed a lack of control groups and difficulty meas uring aggression (Ferguson, 2010). Several decades later the debate would really begin to take off with the introduction of the television into society and a few decades later moral crusaders began to link crime waves with the mass production of the device. Violent crime spiked in the late 1970s to the 1980s but even though the rates were comparable to those before 1930, a link was established by looking only at a slice of Americas crime patterns (Ferguson, 2010). In the 1970s video games came onto the market with the launch of first game counsel. Almost immediately debate as to whether violent video games could have an adverse effect on childrens development started. This concern for the violence developing because of the video games at the time was founded since according to the American Psychology Associations pamphlet violent behavior is learned, not genetic (Ferguson, 2010). When Grand Theft Auto was introduced to the market, the debate really began to take off. David Grossman, a respected activist, claims video games desensitize youth to killing because they simulate the real thing. His main argument claims these killing, violent video games mimic combat and the US military actually uses similar devices to desensitize soldiers so they will be more willing to kill an enemy combatant (Ferguson, 2010). He argues that since the military began to use simulators, soldiers in combat are more likely to shoot and kill an enemy soldier than a WWII soldier (Ferguson, 2010). He also claims that exposure to violent media and specifically violent video games can be a predictor of youth violence (Ferguson, 2010). In an extensive meta-analysis study conducted by Anderson et al (2010), they found that violent video games stimulate aggression in players and increase violent behavior later in life. After playing for a short while, Anderson showed that mild aggressive beha vior increased in youth for a short while. After repeated, habitual exposure to the violent game, the youths aggressive behavior became worse and even became physical on occasion. On the other hand, while some researchers have found some positive relationships between violent video games and violent behavior, others have found no relationship or a negative one. Others who have found effects, when looked at closer by critics the relationship disappears when certain factors are accounted for. It is also said that meta-analysis of violent video games produce inconsistent and weak results (Ferguson, 2010). Sherry (2007) found that a meta-analysis on video games produced weak effects and the results were even weaker than for the television (Sherry, 2001). Numerous other researchers produced similar results that violent video games did not have an effect on the violent or aggressive behavior of children and youth. Even with their interactive nature, video games do not produce more of an effect on violent behavior than television or anything else. In the case of television, there is much debate as to whether or not there is a relationship between violent media and violent behavior. While some research has shown that violent television and media have an effect on violent behavior others do not. In a two year longitudinal study done by Hopf and associates, they found that the more frequently children view horror and violent films and the more frequently they play violent video games at the beginning of teenage years, the higher their violence and aggression rates will be at the age of 14 (Hopf, Huber, WeiÃƒÅ¸, 2008). Other research by Anderson and associates found that exposure to any kind of violent media, whether it is television or video games, increases the risk of violent or aggressive behavior in both immediate and long term contexts (Anderson, et al., 2003). Short-term exposure to violent media increases aggressive thoughts, behavior and emotions (Anderson, et al., 2003). Earlier research results tended to show that shor t term exposure could increase aggression in people (Drabman Thomas, 1974). Many of the studies done throughout the years have shown that exposure to violence on television through film and series increases peoples aggressive and violent behavior but there are a few critics out there claiming the effect is small and/or weak. Political policy changes are also thought to be influenced by the media. Since we are contently surrounded by media texts, it is reasonable to conclude that the media would have some influence on policy. Particularly gruesome, heinous crimes have tremendous appeal to the media. Since these stories sell and are attractive to both consumers and the producers, these types of crimes often saturate the airwaves and print material. The media can construct a new crime problem or can construct a moral panic around a particular crime by twisting and relaying facts. By creating a moral panic or by creating fear and anxiety around a crime, public pressure for solutions to problems are put on political figures. Some researchers found that the presentations of crime news increases pubic pressure for more effective policing and more punitive responses to crime (Dowler K. , 2003). Dowler (2003) also found that those with a college education were more likely to hold non-punitive attitudes. It was su ggested that these people were more likely to recognize the inequality of the justice system (Dowler K. , 2003). Crime news has been long understood to have influence in moving society towards law and order campaigns, increasing social control and punitive responses to criminal conduct (Dowler, Fleming, Muzzatti, 2006). Research has indicated a sophisticated understanding of the interplay between the media and policy (Dowler, Fleming, Muzzatti, 2006). The message from the media outlets is clear: there is a strong support for more critiques of police efforts, harsher measures, stronger laws and/or an increase prison sentences. Although the debate rages on as to whether or not the media actually influence the fear of crime, violent behavior and policy changes, there are some things that future research needs to consider. First of all, one should be careful not to make associations prematurely. Assumptions should be made carefully about the production or reception of media products when the analyses based on the media products themselves (Doyle, 2006). Numerous researchers use the media texts themselves to make assumptions about the production and reception of different forms of media. Many times it is also assumed that the audience taking in the various media forms conforms to a dominant ideology the same way. While this may work for some research, work rooted in various critical theories should avoid this mistake and not assume a homogeneous public (Doyle, 2006). Secondly, one should acknowledge the considerable diversity and complexity in media organizations, production, formats and audiences (Doyle, 2006). Media and crime are both complex entities which researchers need to take into account. Crime in the media is a diverse phenomenon that needs to be accounted for. It shouldnt be oversimplified and unified. It is assumed that crime in the media isnt as varied and complex as other social phenomena. Often times the media reports have a pack mentality in which they try to appeal to a wide population. On the surface this may make it seem as though it is a homogeneous entity but in reality it is more complex. One key flaw in academic and other accounts of crime in the media a unitary, reductionist reading in terms (Doyle, 2006). This flaw should be changed by accounting for the fragments and recognizing that neither the audience nor the media texts themselves are homogeneous. More complex, specific, and contingent way of thinking about crime is needed when thinking about how it is represented in the media (Doyle, 2006). In order to explore effects or influences has been to move away from the construct of a homogenous audience and look directly at the repercussions of representations of crime in the news media in particular political and institutional contexts (Doyle, 2006). Specific media coverage could provide some insight into how the media actually influences the criminal justice system and the public. Political consequences should be considered when looking at influences and effects. It could prove to be easier to analyze effects directly on political events and other institutional contexts. Case studies should be used to show the political effects on political episodes of media coverage in a more specific, localized way (Doyle, 2006). For example, in New York, police and politicians used the media to manufacture a crime wave which served their own ends by resulting in more police resources and tougher laws. Analyzing more direct political and institutional effects of crime and the medial repres ent an advance (Doyle, 2006). It offers perhaps the best way of approaching the question of how news-media coverage contributes to the politics of law and order (Doyle, 2006). It also opens up more questions about the place of crime stories in the lives of individuals, questions that cannot effectively be answered by the fear of crime topics (Doyle, 2006). Lastly, researchers should give more attention to the very substantial interplay between crime news and crime fiction (Doyle, 2006). Most researchers only consider one subject, even though there is often similar and intersecting public concern. These common approaches ignore the fact that these two aspects could be intertwined. Both news and entertainment media texts interact, shape and are shaped by frames of meaning about crime and punishment (Doyle, 2006). Sometimes fictional television shows take their stories from news headlines. These shows incorporate the story of real life and when seen by the public it is often interpreted in that context. Both of these factors seem to be interpreted together by the public as a package. Since these items are absorbed together and not separately from each other, they should also be studied as such. There have been lots of efforts and difficulty to try and isolate and measure influences of the media on crime. For example, many critics have come forward questioning whether or not the media actually influences the fear of crime. It has been widely criticized for the way it operationalizes key concepts, like simply counting the number of hours people watch television and contrasting the attitudes of high viewers and low viewers (Doyle, 2006). Other factors need to be taken into account in order to make sure there is an actual relationship. For example, while it could be suggested that watching lots of television causes fear of crime, it could be that those who are fearful of crime tend to watch lots of television (Doyle, 2006). It is not clear which factor causes the other. While lots of research has been done to try and figure out which way the causation goes, it is more likely that fear and media consumption reinforce each other (Doyle, 2006). In an effort to isolate causality in the media more control has been imposed through the creation of experimental situations (Doyle, 2006). This has mostly been used in violent behavior and television violence relation studies. One key problem with this study is external validity: it becomes difficult to judge how the artificial environment generalizes to the outside world (Doyle, 2006). There is much debate as to whether or not media actually influences crime and criminal behavior. While some researchers contend that the effect of media influence is significant, others claim it is weak, if not nonexistent. Even if we are not influenced by them as strongly as some believe, they are still all around us. Crime is ever present while the lines between reality and the media continue to be blurred. No matter what one believes, one thing is for sure: we are and will continue to be bombarded with media images.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Nervous Breakdowns :: Nervous Breakdown Mental Collapse Stress

In the middle Ages, it was called melancholia. In the early 1900s, it was known as neurasthenia. From the 1930s to about 1970, it was known as a nervous breakdown. "Nervous breakdown" is a term that the public uses to characterize a range of mental illnesses, but generally it describes the experience of "snapping" under massive pressure, mental collapse or mental and physical exhaustion. Have you ever wondered how you can tell if someone is having a nervous breakdown? Or what causes them or how they're caused? Well, the causes of nervous breakdowns are very similar to panic attacks, ADD, and ADHD. There is always a trigger or catalyst that sparks a nervous breakdown. Breakdowns usually stem from a change in a major life event such as a broken relationship, death of a loved one, a demanding job or financial difficulties On some cases getting nervous breakdowns are genetics, you receive them because a past family member has had one or in simpler words family history. Another sign is Coexisting medical conditions such as vitamin deficiencies or thyroid disorders. Stress, drugs, alcohol and depression are one if the most main causes of nervous breakdowns. You can always treat a breakdown. Sometimes people talk to therapist or someone they trust to discuss their issues and just Ã¢â‚¬Å"let it all outÃ¢â‚¬ instead of breaking down. As for others talking doesnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t always work at times it may tend to worsen the problem, so they take prescribed depression pills. Other treatments are drugs, alternative treatments, surgery, and lifestyle changes. If you feel close to having a nervous breakdown right now you are probably feeling like you have hit rock bottom. Many people who are close to a nervous break down feel a million miles from their real self. Feelings of anger, negativity, exhaustion and anxiety are probably overwhelming you and your ability to pursue a 'normal' life and 'normal' relationships is no doubt proving tough. Obviously the best approach is to prevent the breakdown from occurring in the first place. Recognizing the warning signs of a nervous breakdown and reducing and managing stress levels can often produce excellent results and prevent the total collapse usually associated with a nervous breakdown.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Personal Branding

Ã¢â‚¬Å"I've come to believe that each of us has a personal calling that's as unique as a fingerprint Ã¢â‚¬â€œ and that the best way to succeed is to discover what you love and then find a way to offer it to others in the form of service, working hard, and also allowing the energy of the universe to lead you. Ã¢â‚¬ Oprah Winfrey Most of us know how important our brand is but we donÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t always consider all the components that constitute our brand. When birthing your brand, you must consider the total user experience. Your personal brand should be extended into all aspects of your business. As image professionals, we are walking advertisements of our services so our business brand begins with us. A personal assessment should be the first step in building your brand. There are numerous ways to conduct a personal assessment. Consider and honestly answer the questions: What am I good at? How do I want others to describe me? What do I have to offer others? In other words, what is your value proposition that adds measurable, remarkable, distinctive value? You have to understand what makes you unique and what you have to offer then exemplify that in your business in every way. Once you take inventory and understand what it is you bring to the table as an individual you can work on bringing out the positives and improving the negatives. Continuously perfect your craft by participating in educational seminars, meetings, webinars, and other networking events. It has been said that it takes at least 10 years to be considered an expert at anything. Start as early as possible honing your skills and continue to sharpen them by regularly reading and trying new things. Just being the best is not good enough if you canÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t communicate why this makes a difference to others. If you cannot articulate your brand effectively to the world, it will overlook you so careful communication of your brand is paramount. This is done in many ways, including verbally telling people and by writing about your brand or unique selling proposition in the form of articles or online postings. Online and social media are vital forms of communicating your message and should certainly be a part of your personal branding strategy. But be careful that the information you put out is aligned with your goals, audience needs, and your genuine style. All elements of your personal image have to be consistent in all aspects of your life to have the strongest effect. The final part of the process will be a matter of applying your brand in all areas of your life. Not only with your appearance, communication, and etiquette but also in the other extensions of your own personal brand, which include the house you live in, the car you drive, the company you keep, the events you attend, the work space you maintain, to the documents you disseminate. All of these represent you and make an impression, good or bad. Remember that personal branding refers to the images and ideas evoked when you think of a particular person. It is the purposeful method of shaping those images and ideas people have of you. The term personal branding has become more popular in the last decade but as Tom Peters, management guru, famously wrote Ã¢â‚¬Å"Big companies understand the importance of brands. Today, in the age of the individual, you have to be your own brand. Ã¢â‚¬

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Debating the Civil Rights Movement Ã¢â‚¬ History Essay

Debating the Civil Rights Movement Ã¢â‚¬â€œ History Essay Free Online Research Papers Debating the Civil Rights Movement History Essay This book provides two completely different views of the civil rights movement. On the one hand, Steven Lawson provides a point of view based on the governments action, and on the other, Charles Payne gives the story from the Civil Rights activistsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ side of the story. Personally, I would have to agree with Steven Lawson. I believe the federal government played an important role and set the pace in the civil rights movement through the leadership of five dedicated presidents, through important legislation passed by Congress, and through key Supreme Court rulings. The presidents starting from Roosevelt, and ending with Johnson, all took important steps in shaping the civil rights movement. Many of their actions also set the pace for the movement. Roosevelt was the first to take a step forward towards racial equality. As World War II came to an end, it was very difficult for President Franklin D. Roosevelt to ignore the increasing demands for equal rights form African Americans. Roosevelt took the first step towards changes in legislation favoring the civil rights movement. In 1941, he issued an executive order to create the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC). The creation of the FEPC showed how the federal government used its power to monitor racial bias, and it also set a precedent for future action regarding civil rights, which was to act only to avoid a specific crisis and to keep change to a minimum. As violence broke out throughout the south trying to register Black voters, African American leaders and their white allies approached President Truman. They wanted Truman to investigate the violence caused by opposing white southern democrats and reinforced through massive acts of violence from white supremacists groups. Because of the violence, Truman created the Presidents Committee on Civil Rights. This was an important decision because the committee would release a report called To Secure These Rights that would outline future steps taken in the civil rights movement. The report argued that segregation was morally wrong as well as economically damaging. It stated that Ã¢â‚¬Å"(d)iscrimination imposes a direct cost upon our economy through the wasteful duplication of many facilities and services required by the Ã¢â‚¬Ëœseparate but equalÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ policyÃ¢â‚¬ (48). This report allowed the federal government to increase its power in fighting discrimination and segregation. An other important step Truman took during his presidency was to order the desegregation of the military. Though he had a hard time passing any kind of legislation through Congress, he offered his Justice Department to help the NAACP in several Supreme Court cases as amicus curiae. Eisenhower, like his predecessors, believed in gradualism as the best method to lessen racial bias. His failure to take decisive action, allowed southern states to evade compliance with the Supreme Court Ruling in Brown v. Board of Education. For Eisenhower, the most important and least objectionable step was to gain voting rights for Blacks in the south. However, Eisenhower was forced to take action when the Governor of Arkansas would not allow the Little Rock Nine to enter Central High School. He dispatched the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock to protect the nine Black students as they integrated into an all white school. The president Ã¢â‚¬Å"revealed the enormous might of the federal government while also exposing the reluctance of presidents to deploy itÃ¢â‚¬ (17). When Eisenhower addressed the nation on September 24, 1957, he explained his actions to the nation stating that he had no choice but to send armed forces because his Ã¢â‚¬ Proclamation of yesterday was n ot observed, and the obstruction of justice still continuesÃ¢â‚¬ (61). Kennedy offered much hope to civil rights activists during his presidential campaign. However, he could do little to support activists without losing his support from southern white democrats. Kennedy was unable to pass through any kind of legislation because southern democrats often used the threat of a filibuster to prevent a majority form approving civil rights bills. Instead, Kennedy continued in TrumanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s footsteps by using the Justice Department to file suits and challenge discrimination, mainly in voter registration procedures. KennedyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s civil right attorneys won an impressive number of cases under the direction of the Attorney General Robert Kennedy. For the most part, Kennedy stayed on the sidelines of the civil rights movement. The only time he would take action was as Ã¢â‚¬Å"a response to breakdowns in law and orderÃ¢â‚¬ (20). Perhaps KennedyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s most important contribution came shortly before his death on June 11, 1963. Kennedy addressed the co untry stating that civil rights were a moral issue for the whole nation. He stated that Ã¢â‚¬Å"the time has come for this Nation to fulfill its promise. The events . . . have so increased the cries for equality that no . . . body can prudently choose to ignore themÃ¢â‚¬ (79). Shortly after, he introduced a civil rights bill in Congress. After KennedyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s death, President Johnson took over the white house. Johnson displayed a passion for the civil rights movement that exceeded KennedyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s. Using KennedyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s death to his advantage, Johnson pushed the civil rights bill through Congress warning that he would accept no delays and no compromises. As a result, the most far reaching civil rights statute since Reconstruction was passed on July 2, 1964, the Civil Rights Act. Johnson also used force like the FBI to bring down groups like the KKK, and to protect marchers and demonstrators throughout the country. By the end of the 1960Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s these five presidents along with key legislation and Supreme Court rulings brought the worst of civil rights movement to an end. African Americans had succeeded in desegregating the south and exercising their right to vote with the support of the federal government. It took almost two decades for African Americans to achieve their goals, partially due to the lack of action on the part of the federal government. However, I believe the civil rights movement would have lasted possibly another twenty years, if the movement had not received the support it had from the federal government. Research Papers on Debating the Civil Rights Movement - History EssayQuebec and Canada19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTrailblazing by Eric AndersonRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenBringing Democracy to AfricaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Monday, October 21, 2019

Quentin Tarantino essays

Quentin Tarantino essays Quentin Tarantino is arguably one of the most influential film makers/ directors/ actors of our time and has made his mark on Hollywood forever. His movies are thought provoking, intelligent, and, very often, so vulgar and violent that we cringe or turn away while watching. However, Quentin Tarantino and his films have achieved cult status. In this biography, we will take a look at his early life, his claim to fame and a couple of his works. Quentin Tarantino had developed a taste for pop culture at an early age. He was born in 1963, in Knoxville, Tennessee. His mother was 16 years old at the time. There are many rumors about how Tarantino was named. Some believe that he was named after Quint, played by Burt Reynolds, from the T.V. series Gunsmoke. Others think he was named after the girl Quentin from William Faulkners novel The Sound and the Fury. Tarantino grew up in South Bay, in southern Los Angeles. As a child, he watched many hours of television, read many comic books, and went to the movies very often. Tarantino was a very intelligent, but hyperactive child. His parents were divorced early in their marriage and early in his life. Despite this, he still kept his father Tonys name: Tarantino. The boy had difficulties reading and writing. He did not like school at all, so he dropped out in the tenth grade and started working at a pornography cinema called the Pussycat in Torrance, checking tickets. He then started taking acting lessons and worked at a video store called Video Archives in the Californian Manhattan Beach. Quentin Tarantinos style and technique of filmmaking are his claim to fame. He incorporates unique filmmaking techniques his work that are offered from no other filmmaker. In some of his latest work, he shows flashbacks, so you must pay attention to the movie as not to get confused. For example, in his first major film Reserv...

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Free Essays on Christopher Columbus Mariner

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS MARINER by: Samuel Eliot Morison Christopher Columbus was born in the port city of Genoa, Italy in 1451. His father was a wool weaver named Domenico Columbo. As a boy, Christopher had no schooling. He and his younger brother Bartholomew helped their father by carding raw wool. Christopher grew up to be a tall, red-haired, quiet and deeply religious man. He worked for his father until he was 22. He went out with the sardine fishing fleets, as other Genoese boys did and he sailed along the coast to Corsica on business for his father. Genoese traders had their own schooners as did Christopher ColumbusÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ father. He made at least one trip to the North African coast. On long trips such as these, Christopher learned the elements of seamanship. In 1476, Columbus sailed as a common seaman aboard a Genoese merchant ship that was headed for Lisbon, England and Flanders. Since the Mediterranean nations were at war at the time, the ship Columbus was on was attacked and went down. Luckily, Columbus was able to swim to shore and make his way to Lisbon where he settled. At this time Portugal was the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s greatest seafaring nation. Many Genoese had become rich and had prospered in Lisbon and Columbus saw his chance to do the same by becoming sea captain under the Portuguese flag. First, however, he had to educate himself. He learned to speak Portuguese and Castilian which was the official language of Spain at the time. He also mastered Latin so that he may be able to read scholarly books on geography. To earn his living, Columbus became a chart maker. He also made voyages as an agent for a Genoese merchant in Lisbon. In 1479 he married Dona Felipa Perestrello, whose father had been one of Prince HenryÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s captains. They had one son, Diego. FelipaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s high social rank enabled Columbus to meet important officials. She also gave him her fatherÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s collection of charts and documents. From these Columbus gained more knowledge of Po ... Free Essays on Christopher Columbus Mariner Free Essays on Christopher Columbus Mariner CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS MARINER by: Samuel Eliot Morison Christopher Columbus was born in the port city of Genoa, Italy in 1451. His father was a wool weaver named Domenico Columbo. As a boy, Christopher had no schooling. He and his younger brother Bartholomew helped their father by carding raw wool. Christopher grew up to be a tall, red-haired, quiet and deeply religious man. He worked for his father until he was 22. He went out with the sardine fishing fleets, as other Genoese boys did and he sailed along the coast to Corsica on business for his father. Genoese traders had their own schooners as did Christopher ColumbusÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ father. He made at least one trip to the North African coast. On long trips such as these, Christopher learned the elements of seamanship. In 1476, Columbus sailed as a common seaman aboard a Genoese merchant ship that was headed for Lisbon, England and Flanders. Since the Mediterranean nations were at war at the time, the ship Columbus was on was attacked and went down. Luckily, Columbus was able to swim to shore and make his way to Lisbon where he settled. At this time Portugal was the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s greatest seafaring nation. Many Genoese had become rich and had prospered in Lisbon and Columbus saw his chance to do the same by becoming sea captain under the Portuguese flag. First, however, he had to educate himself. He learned to speak Portuguese and Castilian which was the official language of Spain at the time. He also mastered Latin so that he may be able to read scholarly books on geography. To earn his living, Columbus became a chart maker. He also made voyages as an agent for a Genoese merchant in Lisbon. In 1479 he married Dona Felipa Perestrello, whose father had been one of Prince HenryÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s captains. They had one son, Diego. FelipaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s high social rank enabled Columbus to meet important officials. She also gave him her fatherÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s collection of charts and documents. From these Columbus gained more knowledge of Po ...

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Are human rights truly universal Give reasons for your answer Essay

Are human rights truly universal Give reasons for your answer - Essay Example This has facilitated the violations of these rights. It is therefore inappropriate to term the human rights as universal, since their universality is questionable. Protection of human rights has been the sole mandate of the United Nations (UN). From the end of the Second World War, there have been various interventions made by the UN to promote peace and stability. Besides, they have developed instruments that have been able to counter the effect of human rights violations. Whenever instruments are put in place, there is need for approval by the member states. Despite these frameworks being established, there are places where individuals are in ignorant of their rights or else there is violation of the human rights without the subjects raising any resistance. In other areas, the concept of human rights is foreign; in fact, it is seen as a western issue (Brown and Ainsley 2009, pg 5). This helps cast doubt of the universal nature of human rights. The fact that there are individuals that are not aware of their rights makes it impossible to think of human rights from a universal perspective. In other cases, there are countries or blocks of countr ies that have opposed the human rights on the basis that it is a strategy by some counties to exploit them. For example, during the cold war, there was heightened tension by from the southern countries as well as the countries allied to Russia, which saw the whole aspect as an interference from the capitalist states (Baylis and Smith 2010, pg 16). The world is comprised of very many cultural inclinations, which affects the way people live and perceive various aspects. Some of the provisions of human rights go against culture hence there occurs a big conflict between the two. The applicability of human right ceases in such circumstances where culture takes preeminence, this occurs mainly in places where culture

Friday, October 18, 2019

Ommunicating sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ommunicating sexuality - Essay Example Until 1985, the definition of heterosexuality inferred that to be a heterosexual was natural. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary of 1970 defined heterosexual as Ã¢â‚¬Å"pertaining to or characterized by the normal relations of the sexesÃ¢â‚¬ (Sullivan 2003, p. 119). In its 1985 publication, The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defined the term heterosexual as involving and relating to Ã¢â‚¬Å"or characterized by a sexual propensity for the opposite sexÃ¢â‚¬ (Sullivan, p. 119). All indications are that the roots of prejudice against bisexuals and homosexuals are tied to the presumption that heterosexuality by definition is normal. By implication, the definition of heterosexuality means that any sexual identity that is not heterosexual in nature is decidedly abnormal. Despite this modification of the definition of heterosexuality, Western society for the most part continues to adhere to the belief that heterosexuality is the Ã¢â‚¬Å"normÃ¢â‚¬ with the result that Ã¢â‚¬Å"homosexual relations are stigmatizedÃ¢â‚¬ (Caplan 1987, p. 2). Caplan explains: Nonconformity to the norms of heterosexuality threatens the dominant ideologyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s view of sex as Ã¢â‚¬ËœinnateÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ and Ã¢â‚¬ËœnaturalÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ (Caplan 1987, p. 2). Therefore both historically and culturally, we live in and are exposed to a heterosexually driven world which forms the basis of the popular understanding of human sexuality. ... ern society for the most part continues to adhere to the belief that heterosexuality is the Ã¢â‚¬Å"normÃ¢â‚¬ with the result that Ã¢â‚¬Å"homosexual relations are stigmatizedÃ¢â‚¬ (Caplan 1987, p. 2). Caplan explains: Nonconformity to the norms of heterosexuality threatens the dominant ideologyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s view of sex as Ã¢â‚¬ËœinnateÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ and Ã¢â‚¬ËœnaturalÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ (Caplan 1987, p. 2). Therefore both historically and culturally, we live in and are exposed to a heterosexually driven world which forms the basis of the popular understanding of human sexuality. Essentially, that understanding for the most part is that heterosexuality is the ideal sexual identity. The construction of this normative heterosexual world was tested by Kitzinger (2006, p. 169) who analysed a series of conversations harvested by conversation analysts over approximately twenty years. The result was that co-conversationalists took for granted that the world was predominantly heterosexual. Regardless of their own sexual preferences or sexual identity, the co-conversationalists reflected and reproduced Ã¢â‚¬Å"a profoundly heterosexual social orderÃ¢â‚¬ (Kitzinger 2006, p. 169). It would therefore appear that even homosexuals and bisexuals have resolved that heterosexuality is the norm. As a dominant norm, heterosexuality is Ã¢â‚¬Å"agelessÃ¢â‚¬ (Katz 2007, p. 8). In other words, historically, heterosexuality marked the underpinnings of sexual identity. Essentially, the male dominated institutions previously functioned to align heterosexuality with masculinity. This heterosexual masculinity is hegemonic and functioned to perpetuate an ideology which not only defines, but also sets standards for the sexuality of both young women and men (Holland, Ramazanoglu, Sharpe and Thompson 1998, p. 13). This historical and cultural background accounts for the

Congestion Charging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Congestion Charging - Essay Example The problem has been aggravated by absence of effective public transport systems in major cities of the world (Banister D, 2003). This has resulted to the need for people to acquire private means of transport, resulting in traffic congestions which are characteristic of almost all major cities. The major principle underlying congestion charging is to ease traffic. It has been found out that the amount of man hours spent on traffic jams impacts very negatively on the economy of any country (Litman T, 2006). In many cities, people waste a third of a regular working day held up in traffic jams. Having too many cars in the city has also brought about the problem of parking. The parking space available is not enough to accommodate the rising number of cars in the cities. This has resulted to having many cars in the streets, not having anywhere to park People result in unlawful practices like double parking which exposes them to penalties. Noise pollution has also been blamed on too many cars in the cities. Workers in the cities mostly find presence of many cars being much of a pollutant (Litman T, 2006). Over use of certain roads at particular times of a day also contributes to running down such roads. It has been established that during the peak hours, that is, morning and evenings during weekdays, the volume of cars is usually very high, thus occasioning the need to restrict movement. How it is supposed to work The workability of such a project relies heavily on the available alternatives. Most city residents who would be affected by this will first be interested to know what options would be available. This calls for building of a good public transport network. This system works within a given radius of the central business area of the city (Banister D, 2003). Motorists wishing to enter such areas are supposed to pay a premium. The London city congestion charging system, for example uses various ways of collecting money for those wishing to enter the restricted parts of the city such as: - Payment through credit or debit cards via a call centre, send cheques through the postal system or pay cash through retail outlets like petrol stations and grocery stores. All these payments are connected to a central database that helps in tracking defaulters (Banister D, 2003). There could also be a system whereby prospective users of the charging area can buy electronic cards which they load with credit. At the entrance of the charging a

Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization for Business Essay

Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization for Business - Essay Example The researcher states that globalization can be defined as the incorporation of national economies into the world market. Integration is achieved through international direct investment, trade migration, cash flow and the advancement and spread of technology. Markets, where it is prevalent and specifically widespread, are financial markets such as credit and money markets, insurance markets and capital markets. Commodity markets, for example, gold, oil, coffee, and tin. Product markets, for example, consumer electronics and motor vehicle. Globalization in relation to business can be described as the process allowing investment and financial markets to carry out business internationally mainly as a result of deregulation and better communications. It is evident that the current world is closely networked together. However, it is easy to lose focus just how rapid and systematically globalization is occurring and how many business organizations are being run. Drucker noted that globaliz ation is not an economic phenomenon but psychological. He noted that all of the advanced western principles and approaches are taken as the norm by many nations. The view took shape for Drucker in 2001 when an old student from Taiwan working in China paid him a visit. Drucker asked him Ã¢â‚¬Å"what is the most important thing that has happened in China the last three to five years?Ã¢â‚¬ the former student paused for a while and answered that the Chinese at that time considered purchasing a vehicle is a need not a luxury. The exact situation is same in Russia where business analysts anticipate the country surpassing Germany and becoming the biggest car market in Europe. However, taking advantage of such opportunities need a specific set of expertise. For instance, there is no need in strategizing the activities of the forever more intricate network of world suppliers, extracting profit on every deal.

Thursday, October 17, 2019

What does Machiavelli mean by a corrupt people What does he mean by Research Paper

What does Machiavelli mean by a corrupt people What does he mean by corrupt leaders What circumstances promote corruption Can a corrupt people be reformed - Research Paper Example The political climate in Florence was against this, as a result a civil war ensured, and led to the mass murder of people in Pistoia. In Niccollo MachiavelliÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s perspective, it is better for a leader to practice cruelty, for purposes of stabilizing and protecting its people. Had Italy sent troops to Pistoia, few people would have died, as opposed to the thousands who died during the conflict. On this notion, Machiavelli states that the leaders are corrupt. This is because they are unable to protect the institutions of the state, and maintain order2. A corrupt people are those who are not loyal to the state, and this is depicted through their treachery, selfishness, ungratefulness, brutality and covetousness. In MachiavelliÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s view, these people are most likely to lead to the fall of the state if their actions are not checked, and behaviorÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s controlled. In Niccolo MachiavelliÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s view, corruption among the people emanates when the leader, is lenient to them. Machiavelli denotes that because of the brutal and selfish nature of the people, it is dangerous for a leader to become a philosopher king3. This is a leader who rules through virtue, and in consideration to the rights of his people. A leader, who practices virtue while leading the state, is a corrupt leader, because he will fail in protecting his people, and his authority. To rectify this situation, Niccollo Machiavelli argues that it is wise for a leader to practice treachery, cruelty, and authoritarian leadership. Machiavelli states that it is wise for a leader to become a lion, as the time he is a fox. Machiavelli used this example because a lion cannot avoid a trap, while a fox is powerless when attacked by a wolf4. To acquire skills of escaping the laid out traps, it is important for a leader to be a fox, and to portray strength, it is important for a leader to be a lion. On this note, to

Social Welfare, Democracy and Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Social Welfare, Democracy and Government - Essay Example Under the democratic system, election becomes a political obligation because it is the process where the public chooses who and how the government should be managed. It is the process wherein the voting public are given the chance to choose people that will represent them. It consolidates the voice and opinion of the populace and transforms these into what is called the political representation (Watt 2006). Ergo, political representation defines the value of the act of voting that in effect produces a political contract. It is a contract between those who govern and being governed. It ensures that the interest and welfare of the people will be the primary responsibility in managing the stateÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s affairs. As a political obligation, widespread participation during election also seals responsibility and accountability for those people elected in position (Bernard Manin 1999). It is through the votes casted by majority of the people that that a nation can ensure that its government will act on the best interest of the people. The accountability of the governments is in the hands of voters that can distinguish whether governments are acting in their interest and can be sanctioned accordingly. Thus, voters enable responsibility for government performance. A personÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s right to vote is a powerful weapon that can sanction incumbent and can place more competent candidates. When it comes to policy-making electoral procedures, such as referendum among others, the exercise of the right to vote can make a big difference, thus it is imperative (Chandler 2001). The right to vote is also a social responsibility because this is a citizenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s direct commitment and contribution to the whole gamut of the democratic process. Broad participation during elections guarantees that candidates are being elected with confidence. The right to vote did not come naturally. Two decades ago, one has to be white, male, powerful and wealthy to be able to vote. The attainment of th e publicÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s right to cast their votes and their voices be heard is the product of a long history of men and women for civil and political right. For some countries, the struggle for their rights to vote was accompanied by their struggle for national sovereignty and independence. There were people who suffered persecution and even death in asserting and demanding this right. In the United Kingdom, during the 1800, only three percent of the adult population was entitled to vote Ã¢â‚¬â€œ those who are rich and male. By 1832, it merely increased to five percent as certain leaseholders and householders were allowed to vote. With the Second Reform Act in 1867, it again increased to 13 percent as voting was extended in counties and boroughs. It was only in 1918 through the Representation of the People Act that all men over the age of 21 were allowed to vote. Women were also given the right to vote, but only if they are over the age of 30. Women also could sit in the House of Commons. In fairness, UK is one of the first countries that implemented the reform allowing women to participate in the election. In 1928, women were given the same voting rights as men by allowing all adults over the age of 21 to vote. In 1969, the voting age was lowered to 18 years of age.

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization for Business Essay

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Social Welfare, Democracy and Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Free

Free Trade In Society Essay How does the society benefit from an economy built on free trade where both the labor and the buyer only seek personal gain? Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ On an economy that is built of free trade, society will run like clockwork because of the various incentives that the various sectors of the economy provide.Ã‚ It is human nature for individual to act upon incentives.Ã‚ Children are commonly disciplined by their parents with the use of incentives. It is the same in the case of the laborer and the buyer. Ã‚ Both of them seek only personal gain.Ã‚ It is highly uncommon that either buyer or laborer will act for the greater good of the nation or for world peace.Ã‚ They work because they want to earn a living.Ã‚ They want a nicer car, a bigger home, a good education for their children, and a trip abroad for the summer perhaps.Ã‚ All their efforts are targeted to their personal goals, all of which is quantifiable in terms of money. Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ The laborer will always look for a place where there is a higher monetary yield for a lesser amount of work.Ã‚ He will work harder if he knows that there is a promotion ahead. The buyer, on the other hand, will always search for a good bargain for any of his purchases.Ã‚ All in all, everyone wants more for their money and time. Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Society benefits from this system because it creates more competition in the markets of both buyers and laborers, resulting in more options and better options for both sectors.Ã‚ With this equilibrium, society benefits because the economy benefits, thus increasing the standard of living. If however, there is an oversupply of labor, wages will go down and unemployment will go up, distorting the balance.Ã‚ This is the same for buyers. A lack in competition will increase prices and decrease their purchasing power.Ã‚ It is therefore necessary to maintain a good equilibrium in both labor markets and buyer markets which will result in a better economy, and which will eventually result in a higher standard of living for society.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Change management models and processes

Change management models and processes I) Three major model of change: 1) Lewins Change Model 2) McKinsey 7-S Change Model Let go through these each model in briefÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1) Lewins change model: Kurt Lewin projected a three stage theory of change generally referred to as Unfreeze, Change, and Freeze. Stage 1: The first stage of Lewins change model is unfreeze, the stage is about being prepared for change, the model is trying to show that change is essential ,and we have to ready for change by putting all our present comfort and habits. This stage is about to make ready ourselves and other before the change. By putting Unfreeze Lewins want to say following things: Its about to understand others that change is required and its an essential process. Change requires overcoming from failure and for achieving better things for organization. Stage 2: The second stage is called as Change or Transition, in this stage people start to change they have many doubts and fear in their mind relating to change which is going to be occurring, at this stage they need all support, in the form of learning training guiding and support that mistake are the part and elements of this stage. This stage is about: To make change by putting out all traditional and odd things To being prepare for change Providing support in the form of training, guiding in the processes of change Stage 3: The third stage is called as Refreeze: At this stage people starts to use to with the changes which occurs in second stage, they start believing in change, refreezing may be a slow process as transition rarely stop cleanly, but go more in fits and starts with a long tail of bits and pieces. There are good and bad things about this. The apparent signs of the refreeze are a steady organization chart, reliable job descriptions, and so on. The refreeze stage also wants to help people and the organization internalize or institutionalize the changes. This means making sure that the changes are used all the time; and that they are incorporated into everyday business. With a new logic of constancy, staff feel positive and happy with the fresh ways of working. Advantages of Lewins change modelÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. It is a very simple and easy model to understand, by giving example of ice-cube Lewin;s very simply tried to understood this model. He puts three different stage to understand each stage like first stage unfreeze in which he try to understand about essentialness of changes, second stage changes in which people start to change towards new ideas, like policy procedure, rules and regulation, and third stage in which changes starts to give benefit. ii) Process for implementing changeÃ¢â‚¬ ¦ The Kotters introduce 8-steps process for implementing change Step One: Create Urgency For change to take place, it helps if the entire company really wants it. Develop a sense of urgency around the need for change. This may help you spark the initial motivation to get things moving. This isnt merely a matter of showing people poor sales figures or talking about enlarged rivalry. Open an honest and credible dialogue about whats happening in the marketplace and with your competition. If many people start talking about the change you propose, the urgency can build and feed on itself. What you can do: Classify possible fear, and expand scenarios viewing what could occur in the future. Look at opportunities that should be, or could be, oppressed. Start straightforward debate, and give energetic and realistic reasons to get people talking and thinking. Demand shore up from consumers, outside stakeholders and industry people to support your argument. Step Two: Form a Powerful Coalition Encourage people that change is essential. This may takes tough leadership and noticeable support from key people within your organization. Managing change isnt enough you have to lead it. In this step we can do following things Recognize the real leader in our organization. Work on team structure within your change coalition. To get know the different areas in which the team is weak, to find out the strength and its weakness.. Step Three: Create a Vision for Change In this stage, it is very essential to create a strong vision for change, to let people know why change is necessary, this is the process to about know what the benefits of change are, this clear vision will encourage them to prepare themselves for change In this step we have to do following things To make a clear and easy vision, to understand people the purpose of change To make a strategy for change. Step Four: Communicate the Vision Ones vision has been created its a essential to communicate that vision, means to watch out the plan, process and procedure properly working as per planning, things are going properly or not is the essential part of this process . We can do the following things in this step: Converse frequently about your change vision. Honestly and sincerely speak to peoples concerns and anxieties. Apply your vision to all aspects of operations from training to performance reviews. Tie everything back to the vision. Step Five: Remove Obstacles. In this step we have to identify the factors which are obstacles for change, to watch out all the activities in organization, to know whether things are going as plan or there is any barrier towards plan activity. Identify and reward people for making change happen. Recognize people who are resisting the change, and help them see whats needed. Take action to quickly remove barriers. Step Six: Create Short-term Wins Success motivates everyone, to make winning habits in staff, to make short term goal and try to achieve them first along with direction for long term goals To reward people for their achievement. To appreciate work To make weekly target instead of long term planning Step Seven: Build on the Change In this step we have to analyze the things, what went right and what went wrong in the process of change, to look after the area in which improvement is needed. After every win, examine what went correct and what requirements needed to improve. Set goals to continue construction on the impetus youve achieved. Keep thoughts fresh by bringing in new change agents and leaders for your change combination. Step Eight: Anchor the Changes in Corporate Culture Make persist efforts to make sure that the change is seen in each and every part of your organization. This will help give that change a solid place in your organizations culture. Consist of the change principles and ethics when hiring and training new staff. Publicly recognize key members of your original change coalition, and make sure the rest of the staff new and old remembers their contributions. Create plans to replace key leaders of change as they move on. This will help ensure that their legacy is not lost or forgotten. iii) Why people resist changeÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1) Fear: The most important factor for which people resist change is fear, fear of unknown they dont know about changes, thats why they started to fear, for example if the labor company announce changes that now they will take more use of computers to improve their techniques it certainly creates fear on present employees who dont know how to use it and they start to resist about the changes. 2) Comfort: This is also one of the reason for which people resist change, because they do not want to leave their present comfort, they think that if change occurs than they have to work more hard for getting things done..for example if company announce that marketing department now have to achieve weekly sales target than certainly the present employees have to work more hard and hence they might resist it. 3)Lack of trust: This is one the reason people resist change, if people havent trust or faith on changes or idea than they start to resist changes, for example if the employees of the company do not have trust on their manager capability than they create doubts on employee mind and hence they do not trust him. 4) Dont know about changes: one of the reason people resists changes because people dont know about changes, they dont know about their importance, they dont know how they going to benefit them, they have not any kind of idea regarding to changes, for example Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.if company announce incentive system for their employees instead of fixed salary than employee start to oppose it even they have a chances to get benefited by high incentive system, all these because of lack of knowledge. 5) Dont trust on their capabilities: This is one of the reason why people resist changes because they have doubts on their capabilities, they dont think that they will able to make adjustment. IV. I recommended Lewins change model is best to use for a change management model because of its simple description, by giving example in three stages Lewins very simply described about his three stage change model, the three stage process includes unfreeze, change, and refreeze. http://www.mindtools.com/media/Diagrams/Lewin.gif Reason for recommendation of above model: As we can see in diagram the lewins very simply gave example based on ice about three stage changeÃ¢â‚¬ ¦.figure one described as a unfreeze in which there is a picture of large ice cube by which Lewins try to say at first stage people are very use to their routine works and very happy to do work with their old and traditional techniques, even though if they know this techniques is not very useful or worthless for goodwill of the company, but as they very use to with that method of work they denied change, for example if a patient of village very use to with homeopathy and naturopathy treatment which is referred by doctor at old times than certainly that patient denied to do surgery and operation for his illness which was recommend by doctor at modern times so its hard to convince them about the benefit of latest technology of health improvement same the case applies here, in this stage the task is to convince people of change them and to tur n them to modern techniques which can be beneficial and useful to them. The second figure show that the large ice-cube turns to round shaped ice-cube, which change its shape, by this Lewins tried to say in this stage that this stage is about change, change from rigid structure towards the new one as we can see in the figure that ice-cube change its shape to round structure, so that people start to change themselves and have to come out with adapting new ideas, knowledge, and techniques which would be more beneficial and successful for both for organization and also for themselves. To start adopting new ideas ,and technology of work by coming out from old ones , like for example the company make change in their timing to start their work from 10 clock to early 8pm so that employee get more time to done their task and can achieve high incentive , which is profitable to both employees and the company as well but at a certain period of time employee also have to be aware of benefit from the situation otherwise it will create doubts on their mind regarding to changes like they have work more hard in lesser wages so might they dont prefer it, at this time they require more proper guidance, knowledge and training regarding to changes so this change can be worth full for the company, at this time people are learning new things and adapting new ways in their work so they require all the support , training from their supervisor. The third figure shows the stability from the 3rd figure we can see the steady ice-triangle by which Lewins try to show the refreeze model, means once the change has been made in second stage now the people accepted those changes as per their new routines and norm now they started to accept that changes as per their daily routine work for example they start to find them comfortable with the new timings , new incentive base system, new product and procedure of the company, things are going easily for them as they know what to do , so the task is to fellow this procedure and practice properly for easy going. Advantages and disadvantages of this modelÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Lewins change model is very simple and easy to understand, its shown in three simple stages, so the company till using this model. In unfreeze process Lewin,s show that company needs changes, which can be done by Motivating employee towards the change, which called sense of urgency towards change, it use Simple language. Role of leader in particular change model: The leader must have to make afford to motivate his employee towards new changes The leadership must adopt training and guiding process for employee in order to get them ready for change. They have to create an appropriate plan and to work upon that, like for example if they want to increase their sale than they have to work upon marketing and advertising skills so that they can achieve their sales target. Once the change has been made leader has use his techniques and qualities like providing training and guiding to their employee, so they can work well. Change strategies Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The following steps are to be taken for change strategies Recruitment on the basis of qualification, for example if someone need in marketing sector than the guys must be take on the qualification base on marketing, the person who has marketing subject or degree on it, if needs in administration than prefer more to MBA student so this can create specialization which is good for a company. Use of the techniques which is essential for company , like if there is more administration work than there should more computer place in the company so that work flow can go easy and good To develop training programs for their new employee, to know about the company well to be aware of all its process and procedure so when they start their real work they dont feel unnecessary burden on them. Interview system, to modify it so that right people can select for right position, like for example if person have to select for account position than interview must conduct on accounting basis instead of testing his or her general knowledge.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Corrymeela, a Community of Forgiveness :: Christianity Religion Religious Essays

Corrymeela, a Community of Forgiveness Corrymeela is a dispersed Christian community of reconciliation. There are 180 members, Catholic and Protestant, who commit themselves to search together for the path of peace, as they discover what it means to follow in the footsteps of Jesus. In all our work, Corrymeela seeks to establish a "safe place" where people feel accepted and valued. During a stay at Corrymeela, a person is invited to become part of a "community" that transcends the divisions, which are so powerful in much of life in Northern Ireland. In a secure atmosphere, there is an opportunity to grow in understanding as we listen to one anotherÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s life experiences. We find that "listening" to others, and "telling" our story is a way of growing closer together, and of discovering the vulnerability and humanity of the "other." We find that such an experience can face a person with new choices for their future, as prejudices are uncovered, misunderstandings corrected, and fear is replaced by trust. Ã¢â‚¬â€ Timothy Kinahan, A More Excellent Way: A Vision for Northern Ireland Introduction My deep interest in Northern Ireland is from an unknown source. In part, I know that I was deeply affected by the stories of both frustration and reconciliation that my friend, Jenny, told me after her return from a summer volunteering at the Corrymeela Community. However, JennyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s parents are from Ireland, her roots are there. Perhaps my heart is there for a reason that will soon be revealed. I am planning on completing my Field Education in Northern Ireland next summer and would like for six of the ten intensive weeks to be spent at the Corrymeela Community near Ballycastle, on the Antrim Coast (see a map of the area, below). I spent four amazing days in Northern Ireland last summer, talking with some of the key players in the ecumenical movement while planning for my Field Education program. I spoke with Trevor Anderson, the Director of Corrymeela at their office in Belfast, I spoke with Johnson McMaster, the Director of the Irish School of Ecumenics who offered to be my men tor next summer. I also spoke with David Stevens, the Secretary for the Irish Council of Churches, and this is only listing a few! The Corrymeela Community that is located on the Antrim Coast is a retreat center which hosts groups and conferences from all over Northern Ireland and the world. Most of the year is spent with different types of groups, including youth, and the summer is spent hosting families who have been affected by the Troubles either financially, by violence, or both.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Essay --

Healthcare is the fastest-growing industry in America, because health affects every facet of all AmericansÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ lives. People are living longer and longer than before. The lengthier life expectancy is due to advancements in the science and delivery of healthcare. Health communication has been an essential aspect of the delivery of healthcare. Also, health communication makes an impact and influence on healthcare policy and political initiatives, therefore, affects the health and lives of the people. Thus, it is important to understand the health communicationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s overview, planning processes, techniques, and methods that affect and influence healthcare policy and political initiatives. Communications has long been essential part in the healthcare business. It goes back to the mid 1900s when hospital used communications professionals to delivered patient situation reports and release news about the facility. As seen in pharmaceutical corporations, they would employ communication consultants or internal workers to publicize a new drug approval. Now-a-days, healthcare companies also used vast staffs for trademark and corporate communications. Hence, there have been a growing numbers of consulting companies in public relations and medical advertisement due to many new advanced social media. In the addition, as the healthcare communications grow, more health communication specialists are needed. In the last thirty years, more health communication degrees are offered in universities (Hicks & Nicols, 2012). Through communication, health information can be shared to the public or the individual patient. Health material is transferred by newspaper, television, Internet, radio, flyers, or billboard, etc. Though there is a reduction i... ...tfeeding. They trained their staffs to educate new mothers about the important of breastfeeding (Mahone, 1996). Also, media campaigns reach and inform pregnant and lactating women and father the important of breastfeeding. The campaigns also reach general public about breastfeeding benefit through using public service announcements on radio, television, and in newspapers, journals, and magazines. From the campaigns, the publics are more aware of advantages of breastfeeding and women are more contented breastfeeding in public (Arias, 2005). Effective planning processes, techniques, and methods will make a major impact in healthcare policies and political initiatives. Individuals and groups definitely promote the public health through communication. Collaboration among individuals and different media outlets will transpire information throughout the nation.

Friday, October 11, 2019

Ancient Chinese Foot Binding Essay

Woman in living in China during the Song Dynasty believed that they would appear more graceful and beautiful if they had small feet. They used foot binding, a long and painful process of breaking and moving bones, to deform their feet until they were tiny. Foot binding perceived the role of women in Chinese society and Confucian moral values. This practice affected the lives of many women in ways that are unimaginably painful (Bound). One Chinese legend speaks of a time when Lady Huang of the Song Dynasty started this practice and continued it because her prince loved her little feet. He was proud of her ability to dance and walk gracefully. Soon, others took up the idea of foot binding, and copied her idea of delicate feet. The first evidence found of foot binding is from Lady HuangÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s tomb. She lived in the Song Dynasty, which was from around 960-1279 AD. In the tomb, the womanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s feet were bound and wearing five and a half inch long shoes (Bound). Another legend states that the first time foot binding was used was when a young concubine bound her feet tightly to be used in a dance routine for the emperor at that time (Ellis-Christensen). By the twelfth century, the practice was greatly used among the upper class, particularly the Han Chinese. During the Qing Dynasty in the mid-seventeenth century, every girl who wished to be married into a wealthy family had to have her feet bound, in order to have a good life (Schiavenza). The reason for this is because men wanted their wives to be delicate. When a girl reached the age of 4-6 years old, her mother would perform foot binding on her. If she was any younger, she would not be able to endure the pain; but, if she were any older, her foot would be too grown to work with this process (Schiavenza). First, her mother would soak the childÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s foot in a mix of herbs and blood, to soften it up. Then, she would bend and pull back the girlÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s toes, (except her big toe), under her foot toward the arch until her toes broke. The girlÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s mother would also break the arch of her foot. Next, she would bind up the childÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s foot tightly with a long bandage, until her foot formed a triangle with the arch, toes, and heel (Ellis-Christensen). In other words, the foot created a steep, indenting curve and fold in the center of the sole, while the heel was pushed up, causing the foot to become rounded. The entire process was extremely painful. These feet, called lotus feet, were three to five inches long, and shaped like hooves (Bound). Even though foot binding created social possibilities for Chinese women, it caused many problems and deformity. The practice resulted in a shorter and deformed foot that came from the muscles and bones repositioning. Women had to walk on their heels, using a shuffling gait, seen as graceful (Bound). The bandages were worn all day and night, unless they were being washed, which did not happen very often, causing the feet to stink. This caused many infections and diseases. The women who used foot binding had to bind their feet continuously for their whole lives. They wore tiny shoes to cover up their feet. The condition of their feet affected their mobility. Women in Ancient China at that time could not leave their houses by themselves. They also could not do any work that servants could easily do. It was very difficult to get up from a chair and to sit down (Ellis-Christensen). The last survivors from this period in time, all that remains of a vanished idea, suffer from old age, arthritis, and the diseases that came with the practice of foot binding (Mao). Toward the end of the Qing Dynasty, when western countries had more influence on China, foot binding slowly gained more and more people who wanted to end the practice. Wives of Christian ministers, educated Chinese who had studied abroad in Europe and North America, and many others began to oppose foot binding (Schiavenza). Finally, in 1911, foot binding was officially banned (Bound). By the time Mao Zedong took control of China in 1949, the practice was gone, with the exception of a few remote areas in the mountains of China (Schiavenza). During the end of foot binding, a young woman named Gladys Aylward had a chance to preach the gospel to the Chinese people. She grew up in London, England, but was called to go to China and be a missionary to the villagers there. Aylward learned the language and culture of the Chinese, and later became a citizen. One of the officials appointed her to be a foot inspector after the law was passed to ban foot binding. Traveling from village to village, while the unwrapped peoplesÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ bandages, she preached the gospel to them, and told Bible stories. Many of these people believed and were saved (Gladys). Foot binding was not a form of torture, but was performed in respect to the Chinese culture and traditions. By making their feet exceedingly shorter, they believed that they were closer to perfection. Foot binding caused many women to suffer in their older ages, though. It is amazing that through suffering and pain, God finds ways to make himself known. Thankfully, foot binding is no longer practiced, due to the successful resistance movements of western influence (Mao). Works Cited Ã¢â‚¬Å"Bound to Be Beautiful: Foot Binding in Ancient China. Ã¢â‚¬ McClung Museum of Natural History and Culture. University of Tennessee Knoxville, 4 June 2005. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. Ellis-Christensen, Tricia. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Why Did Chinese Women Bind Their Feet?. Ã¢â‚¬ wiseGEEK. Ed. O. Wallace. N. p. , 16 Nov. 2013. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Gladys AylwardÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Long Road to China. Ã¢â‚¬ Christianity. com. Salem Web Network, 2013. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. Mao, J. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Foot Binding: Beauty and Torture. Ã¢â‚¬ The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology 1. 2 (2007). Web. 25 Nov. 2013. Schiavenza, Matt. Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Peculiar History of Foot Binding in China. Ã¢â‚¬ The Atlantic. N. p. , 16 Sept. 2013. Web. 25 Nov. 2013.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Emirates Airline in Dubai Essay

With the competition in the aviation industry threatening to hit fever pitch, Emirates is doing everything at its disposal to remain relevant in the sector which continues to grow tremendously. The massive growth in the aviation industry which has been largely attributed to globalization and industrialization calls for major players such as Emirates airlines to put extra efforts as far as service delivery is concerned in a bid to remain at the top. And since growth comes with its fair share of competition, to keep up with it a company must offer not only best but also unique services and be ready to commit enough resources towards customer satisfaction. It is in this spirit that Emirates through its innovative and creative strategy has remained a pace setter in the aviation industry. Pioneer In order to address the communication needs of its passengers, Emirates became the pioneer airline to launch a service of its kind which allows passengers to use their cell phones. The service which was first rolled out on 20 March 2008 on a charter plane between Dubai and Casablanca was received well by a good number of stakeholders in the industry. With this new system, passengers will now be in a position to call or send text messages to people who are on the ground. Already experts say that other airlines have gone back to the drawing board with a keen interest of embracing this new technology so as to attract more customers. Food for the soul Emirates offers what one can call a one-stop in-flight entertainment system with a wide range of options such as live international television channels, music and movies which are largely attributed to its large client base. Apart from in-flight internet services available to all classes of passengers, they are also provided with newspapers, magazines and other periodicals to inform and educate them while traveling. Generally it provides all what clientsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ needs including food to music which some prefer calling food for the soul. This kind of investment in the entertainment makes customers to enjoy their journey and even consider using the same service in future hence making the Dubai based company preferred by many clients. Customer service Client satisfaction which gives Emirates competitive advantage can be attributed to its professional, young, dynamic, diligent, and dedicated cabin crew drawn from various countries. The multilingual staff uses its diverse cultural backgrounds coupled with the facilities available to serve passengers with the humility they deserve. Fully cognizant of the fact that good performance in business can only be achieved through customer satisfaction; the company has utilized this unique capability to offer best services so as to achieve the desire of their clients. This lean and well coordinated work force has seen . the airline maintain high standard of service delivery and achieve enviable goals. Although experts argue that this is a strategy aimed at cutting on costs, research shows that lean staff coupled with a simple organizational structure like the one adopted by the company leads to success. State-ofÃ¢â‚¬â€œthe-art The state-of-the-art fleet of planes which Emirates boasts of has enabled it to be consistent and reliable more than any other top airline. These latest planes comes in handy because it means they will be at the right place at the right time hence fits the bill of the demands of customers. Irrespective of the class of the plane, once you fly with the company comfort is guaranteed. Responsibility In this era where corporate organizations are giving back to the community in the spirit of social corporate responsibility, Emirates is not left behind. It sponsors major events across the world ranging from sports to trade. For instance it sponsors the English Premier League side Arsenal, Dubai Shopping Festival, West Australian Symphony Orchestra among others. Such gestures although can be easily dismissed by critics as public relations gimmicks, demonstrates that the company has the interests of the international community at heart bearing in mind that is where it draws its customer base from. The creativity and friendliness in which Emirates has handled its sponsored activities has really ripped off if the profits it continues to register is something to go by. Strategic position It is important to note that the strategic position of Dubai, home base of Emirates gives it an edge to do business. Strategic because one can conveniently fly to Dubai before connecting with ease to other cities like Manchester or Rome while avoiding an extra trip hence saving on costs. Apart from being a commercial hub, Dubai is a major tourism attraction a factor which makes the aviation industry to blossom. Those who fly with Emirates airlines attest that their ambitions are met a clear manifestation that that its objective of offering best services on every route it operates is fully achieved. Its value for clients has won accolades and trust from many quarters making it an airline you can bank on.

Wednesday, October 9, 2019

Business Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Cultures - Essay Example These beliefs and expectations produce norms that powerfully shape the behaviour of individuals and groups within the organizationÃ¢â‚¬ (Schwartz and Davis 33).2 From an employeeÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s standpoint it would simply be Ã¢â‚¬Å"the way we see and do things around here.Ã¢â‚¬ 3 In 1985, noted writer Charles Handy, in his book Understanding Organizations, drew inspiration from Roger HarrisonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s (1972) work to link organizational structure to business culture and elucidated HarrisonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s four types of business cultures. This culture is centered around a strong leader, who wields all the power and influences the company culture with his personality. For example, Jack Welch (former CEO of General Electric) and Rupert Murdoch (News Corporation). At times businesses are dominated by the owner/founder, for example, Michael OÃ¢â‚¬â„¢Leary (Ryanair) and Richard Branson (Virgin). Its structure is usually represented by a web. Dramatic changes can be made to make the business successful as the leader has no opposition. Fair and firm leaders distribute resources equally and are generous to loyalists. As there is no need for consultation and few rules, quick decision making is possible helping businesses react fast to fluid market situations. Fear rules, and there is abuse of power and political intrigue. As only one individual is making decisions, he could make an error in judgment affecting the organizationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s success. There is low motivation, high turnover, and poor loyalty among staff, who feel undervalued because of the prevalent inequality. Subordinates work to patronizing their managers to get rewarded. The second level of management is underdeveloped since powers are not delegated. The web can break if the organization becomes too complex and big. In role culture (previously termed Ã¢â‚¬Å"bureaucracyÃ¢â‚¬ ), businesses are split into various functions, and every individual has predetermined roles, with a clear reward system. Usually found in large hierarchical organizations with

Tuesday, October 8, 2019

Global Study300 Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Study300 - Movie Review Example The globalization can be considered as an outcome of discrediting communism and the excessive harnessing of fortunes by nations to the newly introduced global markets. Within the United States, Democratic as well as Republican administrations embrace unshackled globalization over the dissents of organized labor. The foremost real examination of globalization for America happened in 1993, with the execution of NAFTA. The NAFTAÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s scope was the North American nations of Mexico, Canada and The United States. It was drafted and substantially afoot during the presidential term of George H.W. Bush, although it was completely enforced under the regime of Bill Clinton. This trade organization received substantial endorsement by Wall Street and business leaders but was excessively criticized by labor leaders of United States. It was Clinton plans that won during the election campaigns in 1992 which provided that NAFTA is needed to be implemented but it should force Mexico to increase pollution and labor standards in order to make them parallel to the U.S. standards. Therefore the basis of this unrestricted trade was set and the U.S policy makers can be attributed as its authors and directors (Heights Production